THE HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION FROM AGRARIAN SOCIETY TO THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Keywords:
Industrial Revolutions, Artificial Intelligence, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Cyber-Physical SystemsAbstract
Industrial revolutions represent critical turning points in the technological and socio-economic evolution of humanity. The First Industrial Revolution (Industry 1.0), which began with steam power, marked the start of the industrial era; the Second Industrial Revolution (Industry 2.0) was scaled through electricity and mass production; the Third Industrial Revolution (Industry 3.0) entered the process of digitalization with computers and automation. With the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0), the era of smart factories was opened through Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and big data analytics, positioning artificial intelligence as a central tool in process optimization and bringing automation and data-centered operations to the forefront. The final stage, Industry 5.0, adopts a more human-centered approach with the principles of human-machine collaboration, personalization, and sustainable production. Artificial intelligence plays a key role in this transformation through decision support systems, predictive analytics, and autonomous processes. Through the metaverse, Industry 5.0 offers immersive environments that facilitate collaboration among humans, machines, and robots by means of augmented virtual reality, digital twins, and simulations. This study chronologically examines the transition of social production from muscle power based on agriculture to today’s Industry 5.0, which relies on artificial intelligence and cognitive systems.
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